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Macrophage inflammatory protein-2

tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)

The cell line is deficient in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Stimulation with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) induces a five to six fold increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) secretion. No increases in either cytokine were found when cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Lorenz E, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient murine macrophage cell line as an in vitro assay system to show TLR4-independent signaling of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 70: 4892-4896, 2002. PubMed: 12183533

Hay, R. J., Caputo, J. L., and Macy, M. L., Eds. (1992), ATCC Quality Control Methods for Cell Lines. 2nd edition, Published by ATCC.

Caputo, J. L., Biosafety procedures in cell culture. J. Tissue Culture Methods 11:223-227, 1988.

Fleming, D.O., Richardson, J. H., Tulis, J.J. and Vesley, D., (1995) Laboratory Safety: Principles and Practice. Second edition, ASM press, Washington, DC.

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed. HHS. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2007. The entire text is available online.